Piaget And Vygotsky Were Both Considered Constructivists Education Essay

Piaget And Vygotsky Were Both Considered Constructivists Education Essay Piaget and Vygotsky were both considered constructivists. Constructivism is a theory of teaching and learning based on the idea that cognition is developed through mental construction. This suggests that humans learn, constructing new knowledge by piecing together their past experiences. Another similarity between Piaget and Vygotsky is that they both believe societal influences establish the boundaries of cognitive growth. The main ideas in Piagets and Vygotskys theories regarding intelligence differ. According to Piaget, intelligence was a product of action. He believed that children learn by interaction with their surrounding and that such learnings occur after development. Vygotsky however, believed that learning occurs before development can and that a child learns because of history and symbolism. Vygotsky also thought that children appreciate input from their surroundings as well as other people. Piaget on the other hand did not place any importance on the input of others. Piaget and Vygotskys theories regarding the stages of development have differing opinions as well. Piagets theory of cognitive development is made up of four stages which mark the emergence of new intellectual abilities. The earliest stage is the sensorimotor stage, which occurs between birth and two years of age. During this stage babies and young children use their senses and motor skills to explore the world. Through physical activity and somewhat accidental motor reflexes intelligence is manifested. Toward the end of this stage children also acquire the concept of object permanence, meaning that they understand an object is there even if the child cannot see it. The next stage in Piagets theory is known as the preoperational stage. This occurs during ages two through seven. During this stage a childs language and concepts develop rapidly, however their thinking process is still rather primitive. In this stage characteristics such as centration occur, which leaves the child so focused on one aspect of a situation that they fail to see other important factors. Another characteristic is that children are egocentric. They believe that everyone thinks, or has the same needs and desires as they do. The third stage in Piagets theory is the concrete operational stage, occurring between the ages of seven and eleven. During this stage children begin to experience a drastic change in their thinking process. Their thoughts become less egocentric and more logical. Reversibility, the ability to perform a mental operation and then reverse ones thinking to return to the starting point (Slavin, 2003, p.33) occurs during this stage. Children at this stage still have difficulty with abstract thought. The last stage in Piagets cognitive development theory is identified as the formal operational stage. It is during this stage in which a child begins to develop abstract and symbolic thoughts. It allows hypothetical situations to be addressed, and problem solving through experimentation. This development gives young adults the ability to reason their way through situations they have not yet experienced. As discussed Piagets theory has four specific stages, however Vygotsky believed that there are no set stages. The first aspect of Vygotskys theory is a mechanism referred to as private speech, talking to oneself. Vygotsky found that it was important to turn shared knowledge into person knowledge. He believed that children would integrate the speech of others into their problem solving process. Private speech is commonly seen amongst young children who talk to themselves openly and often. In adulthood private speech is also very important, although it become silent and internalized it is still a helpful problem solving tool. Vygotskys belief of the zone of proximal development is the second part of his cognitive theory. A zone of proximal development is the level of development immediately above a persons present level (Slavin, 2003, p.44). The zone of proximal development consists of things a child cannot quite do alone, but could accomplish with help from a more experienced child or an adult. It includes tasks a child has not yet learned but is capable of learning. Vygotsky believed that to achieve maximum learning it was important to work with the zone of proximal development. The final idea in Vygotskys cognitive development theory is scaffolding. This includes using encouragement, clues, reminders and assistance in the form of suggestion to aid the child in independently learning. By learning to solve problems independently and without the help of others, the child gains the ability to self-regulate. Both Piaget and Vygotskys cognitive development theories have had an impact on education practices and classroom management. Piagets theory is used in classrooms daily with the use of developmentally appropriate education. Another example of Piagetian theory being used in the classroom is through hands on activities. According to Piaget, young children (preoperational) learn through their actions and are not capable of abstract thought, therefore providing a variety of physical activities for smaller children is essential to any classroom schedule. Aspects of Vygotskys cognitive theory are also found in many classroom settings. An example is a classroom which has the children divided into groups, or tables. This uses Vygotskys ideas regarding use of the zone of proximal development as well as scaffolding. By placing children of varying developmental abilities together for group work, children have the ability to mentor and learn from each other through scaffolding, as well as work in their zone of proximal development. It is clear that cognitive development theories play an important role in addressing the educational needs and learning methods of children of varying stages. Through the theories provided by Piaget and Vygotsky it is possible to create a better classroom experience for not only the student but the teacher as well. When a teacher uses methods to teach children developmentally appropriate material, it makes for a more enjoyable and conducive learning environment. Thanks to such psychologists as Piaget and Vygotsky, teachers today have the tools available to them to create such an environment.

Velociraptors: Fact and Fiction Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research P

Velociraptors: Fact and Fiction Eventually at some time or another, somebody has to imagine what a dinosaur looks like. Maybe it is a Paleontologist, maybe it is an Artist, maybe it is a Movie Maker. Basically, everyone is entitled to deciding in his or her mind what a dinosaur may look like. How do we form these ideas, though? And on what information are these ideas based on? The â€Å"picture† of the dinosaur – whether it’s in our mind, on paper or a motion picture film – helps us to understand how these animals behaved. Ideas about how dinosaurs looked have changed over the years as our research improves. There’s a sort of partnership between paleontology, painting and movies: they help to define each other. The paleontologist digs up the bones, the artist paints a painting, and the filmmaker brings it to â€Å"life.† Then everyone complains about how silly the movie dinosaurs look (or do they?) and little by little, things improve. Since movies are the venue through which most of society gains its ideas of what dinosaurs look like, it seems appropriate to address the topic of how dinosaurs are depicted on the big screen and whether or not those depictions are correct. Some of the most popular film portrayals of dinosaurs are the Jurassic Park movies. The dinosaurs shown seem to be actually living and partaking in all of the activities shown – everything from the opening of doors, running 50 miles per hour, the elaborate hunting tactics, to tapping their toes, everything is incredibly realistic. Or is it? According to a website known as Dino Buzz, which is an offshoot of a UC Berkeley site, many of the portrayals of the Velociraptors in Jurassic Park III were inaccurate; some ideas wer... ... what Velociraptors were like – for the most part. It allows the audience to form thoughts and ideas about how these animals might have moved, hunted, etc. Of course, as in all movies, the â€Å"facts† presented should not be taken as the absolute truth. Only science can determine whether or not a Velociraptor could move at 50 miles per hour, open doors, or tap its toe – not Steven Spielberg. Works Cited Dino Buzz: Current Topics Concerning Dinosaurs. UCMC Berkeley. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/buzz/popular.html. (February, 2005). (Last accessed on February 6, 2005). What is a Raptor? Poling, Jeff. http://www.dinosauria.com/jdp/dromey/raptor.htm. (1996). (Last accessed on February 6, 2005). Dromaeosaurid Anatomy. Holtz, Thom Jr. http://www.dinosauria.com/jdp/dromey/dromey.htm. (1995). (Last accessed on February 6, 2005).

Comparison of Eastern and Western Architecture

The comparison and contrast of the western architecture and eastern architectureWhat makes a edifice outstanding and became a typical logo of the metropolis and even the state. It’s non easily for a architecture to pull the travel partisans and the travellers all over the universe. Many of the edifices and constructions featured are celebrated for their beauty. Others have become celebrated for their inventiveness or their historical significance. There are many similarities and differences between Eastern and Western architectural. Their edifice manner, history, stuffs, map and even significance and influence are form more and less difference. Take Chinese Forbidden metropolis and the Buckingham Palace for illustration, they both represent the representative edifice of their state and impact occurred on modern designer ‘s design. As for architectural manner, the Forbidden metropolis and Buckingham Palace reflected the Eastern and Western’s cultural differences. Infected by their civilization, the architectural manner of Chinese traditional manner with particular accent on â€Å" additive beauty † , pay attending to the flow lines of tune. The Forbidden city’s beams, columns, roof can show â€Å" line † artistic entreaty, as in the remainder of the top of the mountain edifice eaves deliberately made aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹slightly to the sides form a high rise, but made aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹clear the warped corner subdivision, instead steep roof upper and lower more soft, so both for rainwater drainage, but besides contributing to the sunlight and airing. Pursuit of temper and thought heavy moralss embodied in the Chinese ancient edifices really evident when architectural manner, tend to their societal content and symbolism outstanding place on the influential, while besides concentrating on practicality. It’s evidently that the construction contacts the particular Chinese civilization and is practical. In the same context, the Buckingham Palace titling emphasizes â€Å" form United States â€Å" , originated in classical Grecian aesthetics that † the United States in the signifier of objects. Both Forbidden metropolis and Buckingham Palace has long history. In the Middle Ages, the site of the future castle formed portion of the Manor of Ebury. Owners included Edward the Confessor and his queen consort Edith of Wessex in late Saxon times, and, after the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror. William gave the site to Geoffrey de Mandeville, who bequeathed it to the monastics of Westminster Abbey. In 1531, Henry VIII acquired the Hospital of St James from Eton College, and in 1536 he took the Manor of Ebury from Westminster Abbey. These transportations brought the site of Buckingham Palace back into royal custodies for the first clip since William the Conqueror had given it off about 500 old ages before. Finally, in the late seventeenth century, the freehold was inherited from the belongings baron Sir Hugh Audley by the great inheritress Mary Davies. Likewise, the Forbidden metropolis got through a long period excessively. Beijing Forbidden City began building of Emperor Yongle in AD 1406, was rejected Yuan air conveyance, fundamentally non built on the footing of most of the Yuan Dynasty castle, instead eastward 150 m, re-created from the castle, the castle walls of the castle, including all were re-built, larger than most of the castle, somewhat less than the Forbidden City in Nanjing, a former interior decorator for artisan craftsmen Queen Kuai Xiang, inaugurated in 1420 AD, built from 1420 to about 500 in 1911 between the Qing emperor to renounce, Ming, A sum of 24 Emperor Qing dynasties lived in the Forbidden City. The differentiation on the edifice stuffs is besides a different factor of the edifice manner. In ancient times, Chinese designers used wood as the chief edifice stuffs while Western designers used masonries as their chief stuffs. The most stuffs of the Forbidden metropolis are wood, but because of Forbidden City pick 15 sorts of cherished and timber corrosion, it still protect wholly and won’t cause problem. On the other manus, Buckingham Palace’s facade ornament stuffs are the Bath limestone. These two sort of stuff choice make the edifice have different visual aspect. Many visitants surprised at these wholly different architectural manner edifice from their ain state, the pick of the wood and rock greatly depend the difference of Eastern and Western architecture. With the clip fly, the pick of stuffs change a batch and until now, Eastern state and Western state non merely retained their choice featured on co-workers, but besides learn from each other’s specializer, the interior decorator utilizing different edifice stuffs to make a more originative and typical architectural. The Forbidden City and Buckingham Palace’s map alteration but they are still be used now. Buckingham Palace has served as the official London abode of Britain ‘s crowned heads since 1837 and today is the administrative central office of the Monarch. Although in usage for the many official events and responses held by The Queen, the State Rooms at Buckingham Palace are unfastened to visitants every twelvemonth. The Palace is really much a working edifice and the centerpiece of Britain ‘s constitutional monarchy. It houses the offices of those who support the daily activities and responsibilities of The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh and their immediate household. The Palace is besides the locale for great Royal ceremonials, State Visits and Investitures, all of which are organised by the Royal Household. Although Buckingham Palace is furnished and decorated with invaluable plants of art that form portion of the Royal Collection, one of the major art aggregations in the universe today. It is non an art gallery and nor is it a museum. More than 50,000 people visit the Palace each twelvemonth as invitees to feasts, tiffins, dinners, responses and the Royal Garden Parties. On contrast, the Forbidden metropolis has apply for World Heritage and it is unfastened for tourers. Forbidden City, two thousand old ages of development in China and East Asia pinnacle of classical architecture, has been impacting the subsequent development of Chinese architecture, every bit good as supplying inspiration for many plants of art. The significance and influence of the Forbidden metropolis and Buckingham Palace is Considerable. Their architecture is a theoretical account for modern construction interior decorator. Walking in the Forbidden City, the artistic consequence of the sort of infinite sequence degree by constructing depth intervention group obtained. Like a Chinese coil appreciate it, to get down with the image of piecewise, people ever with a sense of expectancy, looking frontward to the apogee and coronating touch screen show, therefore heightening the entreaty of the work of art. It is for this ground, the edifice generated after go forthing their old age, still can connotation artistic appeal. To open a new epoch of people ‘s heads casement, giving the joy of beauty. Ancient edifices across clip and infinite is like a span linking the deceased and present, giving the midst ambiance and beauty. Hypertext transfer protocol: //wenku.baidu.com/view/0f86042d0066f5335a812165.html

The Themes of Appearance versus True Love in William...

The Themes of Appearance versus True Love in William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing True love is a bond shared by few and dreamed of by everyone. The appearance of a relationship may not accurately depict the true reality of the situation. The bond between Claudio and Hero appears far stronger than that of Beatrice and Benedict, yet events of the play provide evidence for the converse. In Shakespeares comedy Much Ado About Nothing, the masked emotions of two couples are evoked through subterfuge. Upon first sight, Beatrice and Benedict seem as if they abhor one another as they exchange several deriding remarks. The skirmish of wits is merely a facade of their underlying attraction to each other, and an ongoing struggle of†¦show more content†¦Then, as further jest, the prince sends Beatrice to call Bene*censored* to dinner. She does, and he falls in love with her brave attempt to restrain herself. Ursula, a gentlewoman to Hero, and Hero herself bait a trap of their own for Beatrice. It is made for her to overhear the fact that Bene*censored* loves her . They speak of how arrogant she is, and how she can always find fault with a man; consequently, Bene*censored* is intimidated out of professing his love. She is also baited, and falls in love with Bene*censored*. A very strong relationship is formed as the couple admits their love for one another; after brief hesitation, Benedict even agrees to kill Claudio, someone he trusted enough to confide in, as a sign of his love for Beatrice. Claudio only saw Hero for a brief moment upon returning from the war, and immediately desires her. Don Pedro agrees to woo the beautiful woman in Claudios name at the upcoming celebration. He succeeds and summons Claudio who proposes to Hero immediately. As soon as Don John hears of the engagement between Hero and Claudio the audience learns of his desire for Hero. In deep resent of his brother and Claudio, Don John accepts Borrachios plan of deceiving Claudio into thinking that Hero is promiscuous for the dual purpose of shaming one of his pre stigious brothers followers and preventing Claudio and Heros marriage. Borrachios plan included having an amorous encounter with